![]() DSM–5 American Psychiatric Association, 2013), NSSI was not listed as a mental health diagnosis, but was identified in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (4th ed., text rev. Prior to the latest release of the The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V)(5th ed. As such, research on NSSI as a condition in its own right has increased and in doing so, highlighted the areas needed for ongoing research in order to gain understanding of this behaviour. ![]() While self-injurious behaviour is not a recent phenomenon, its prevalence, particularly in western societies is increasing (Nock, 2010). * punishment of self through self-injury (e.g. * European women prone to hysteria in the nineteenth century puncturing themselves with needles. * a man held in chains and cutting himself deliberately on rocks in the book of Matthew in The Bible. * Greek historian Herodotus’ description of a Spartan soldier mutilating his body beginning with his shins. Retrieved 20 October from įavassa (1996) explores the phenomena of NSSI throughout history in various cultural and social contexts including: Other methods less frequently reported include hitting or biting oneself, deliberate ingestion of harmful substances, deliberately breaking bones and pulling out one’s hair (Shiels, Shiels, Young, Lorenz, Lofthouse, & Campo 2009). Most people report using multiple methods of self-injury, which include scratching or scraping the skin until it bleeds, burning the skin and inserting objects under the skin (e.g., safety pins) (Klonsky & Muehlenkamp, 2007). In their review of literature, Klonsky and Muehlenkamp (2007) found that most studies described self-injury as a process of cutting or carving oneself with a sharp implement (e.g., knife or razor) on the arms, legs, and stomach. With the increase in rates of NSSI, there is a need to understand why people enact such behaviours and how to effectively treat them. Females in particular have higher rates of self-injury than males (De Leo & Heller, 2004). Young people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or intersex have also reported higher rates of deliberate self-injury, compared with heterosexual young people (Serras, Saules, Cranford, & Eisenberg, 2010). Indigenous Australians have significantly higher lifetime prevalence rates of self-injury compared with those who are non-Indigenous (Solomon & Farrand,1996). ![]() The age demographic with the highest rate of NSSI was females aged 18-24 and males aged 10-17 years old. ![]() The Australian National Epidemiological Study of Self Injury (Martin, Swannell, Harrison, Hazell, & Taylor, 2010), reported that NSSI affected 2.2% of the population. The prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has increased markedly since the 1980s and is particularly manifest in young adults (Nock, 2009). Self-injurious behaviours are one of the most puzzling of all human behaviours – especially when there is no intent to die. NSSI is deliberate in that self-injury is intended by the individual, rather than accidental". NSSI is direct in that the ultimate outcome of the self-injury occurs without intervening steps. "NSSI is the direct, deliberate destruction of one’s own body tissue in the absence of suicidal intent. ![]()
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